Rome

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Rome
∈ Ancient cities ∈ Article Feedback Pilot	spanish Roma deutch Rom french Rome italian Roma latin Roma
syn Eternal City syn capital of Italy time of Nero	syn Roma syn Italian capital part of Pompey


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Rome

n 1: capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire syn Roma, Eternal City, Italian capital, capital of Italy

2: the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church

Source: WordNet. Princeton University

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Rome

the famous capital of the ancient world, is situated on the Tiber at a distance of about 15 miles from its mouth. The "seven hills," (Revelation 17:9) which formed the nucleus of the ancient city stand on the left bank. On the opposite side of the river rises the far higher side of the Janiculum. Here from very early times was a fortress with a suburb beneath it extending to the river. Modern Rome lies to the north of the ancient city, covering with its principal portion the plain to the north of the seven hills, once known as the Campus Martius, and on the opposite bank extending over the low ground beneath the Vatican to the north of the ancient Janiculum. Rome is not mentioned in the Bible except in the books of Maccabees and in three books of the New Testament, viz., the Acts, the Epistle to the Romans and the Second Epistle to Timothy.

Jewish inhabitants. the conquests of Pompey seem to have given rise to the first settlement of Jews at Rome. The Jewish king Aristobulus and his son formed part of Pompey's triumph, and many Jewish captives and immigrants were brought to Rome at that time. A special district was assigned to them, not on the site of the modern Ghetto, between the Capitol and the island of the Tiber, but across the Tiber. Many of these Jews were made freedmen. Julius Caesar showed them some kindness; they were favored also by Augustus, and by Tiberius during the latter part of his reign. It is chiefly in connection with St. Paul's history that Rome comes before us in the Bible. In illustration of that history it may be useful to give some account of Rome in the time of Nero, the "Caesar" to whom St. Paul appealed, and in whose reign he suffered martyrdom.
The city in Paul's time.--The city at that time must be imagined as a large and irregular mass of buildings unprotected by an outer wall. It had long outgrown the old Servian wall; but the limits of the suburbs cannot be exactly defined. Neither the nature of the buildings nor the configuration of the ground was such as to give a striking appearance to the city viewed from without. "Ancient Rome had neither cupola nor camyanile," and the hills, never lofty or imposing, would present, when covered with the buildings and streets of a huge city, a confused appearance like the hills of modern London, to which they have sometimes been compared. The visit of St. Paul lies between two famous epochs in the history of the city, viz, its restoration by Augustus and its restoration by Nero. The boast of Augustus is well known, "that he found the city of brick, and left it of marble." Some parts of the city, especially the Forum and Campus Martius, must have presented a magnificent appearance, of which Niebur's "Lectures on Roman History," ii. 177, will give a general idea; but many of the principal buildings which attract the attention of modern travellers in ancient Rome were not yet built. The streets were generally narrow and winding, flanked by densely crowded lodging-houses (insulae) of enormous height. Augustus found it necessary to limit their height to 70 feet. St, Paul's first visit to Rome took place before the Neronian conflagration but even after the restoration of the city which followed upon that event, many of the old evils continued. The population of the city has been variously estimated. Probably Gibbon's estimate of 1,200,000 is nearest to the truth. One half of the population consisted, in all probability, of slaves. The larger part of the remainder consisted of pauper citizens supported in idleness by the miserable system of public gratuities. There appears to have been no middle class, and no free industrial population. Side by side with the wretched classes just mentioned was the comparatively small body of the wealthy nobility, of whose luxury and profligacy we learn so much from the heathen writers of the time, Such was the population which St. Paul would find at Rome at the time of his visit. We learn from the Acts of the Apostles that he was detained at Rome for "two whole years," "dwelling in his own hired house with a soldier that kept him," (Acts 28:16; 30) to whom apparently, according to Roman custom, he was hound with a chain. (Acts 28:20; Ephesians 6:20; Philemon 1:13) Here he preached to all that came to him, no man forbidding him. (Acts 28:30,31) It is generally believed that on his "appeal to Caesar" he was acquitted, and after some time spent in freedom, was a second time imprisoned at Rome. Five of his epistles, viz., those to the Colossians, Ephesians, Philippians, that to Philemon, and the Second Epistle to Timothy, were in all probability written from Rome, the latter shortly before his death (2 Timothy 4:6) the others during his first imprisonment. It is universally believed that he suffered martyrdom at Rome.
The localities in and about Rome especially connected with the life of Paul are-- (1) The Appian Way, by which he approached Rome. (Acts 28:15) <<1028> Appii Forum FORUM> (2) "The palace," Or "Caesar's court" (praetorium,) (Philemon 1:13) This may mean either the great camp of the Praetorian guards which Tiberius established outside the walls on the northeast of the city, or, as seems more probable, a barrack attached to the imperial residence on the Palatine. There is no sufficient proof that the word "praetorium" was ever used to designate the emperors palace, though it is used for the official residence of a Roman governor. (John 18:28; Acts 23:35) the mention of "Caesar's household," (Philemon 4:22) confirms the notion that St. Paul's residence was in the immediate neighborhood of the emperor's house on the Palatine. (3) The connection of other localities at home with St. Paul's name rests only on traditions of more or less probability. We may mention especially-- (4) The Mamertine prison, of Tullianum, built by Ancus Martius near the Forum. It still exists beneath the church of St. Giuseppe dei Falegnami. It is said that St. Peter and St. Paul were fellow prisoners here for nine months. This is not the place to discuss the question whether St. Peter was ever at Rome. It may be sufficient to state that though there is no evidence of such a visit in the New Testament, unless Babylon in (1 Peter 5:13) is a mystical name for Rome yet early testimony and the universal belief of the early Church seems sufficient to establish the fact of his having suffered martyrdom there. <<1029> Peter> The story, however, of the imprisonment in the Mamertine prison seems inconsistent with (2 Timothy 4:11) (5) The chapel on the Ostian road which marks the spot where the two apostles are said to, have separated on their way to martyrdom. (6)The supposed scene of St. Paul's martyrdom, viz., the church of St. Paolo alle tre fontane on the Ostian road. To these may be added-- (7) The supposed scene of St. Peter's martyrdom, viz., the church of St. Pietro in Montorio, on the Janiculum. (8) The chapel Domine que Vadis, on the Aypian road,the scene of the beautiful legend of our Lord's appearance to St. Peter as he was escaping from martyrdom. (9) The places where the bodies of the two apostles, after having been deposited first in the catacombs, are supposed to have been finally buried--that of St. Paul by the Ostian road, that of St. Peter beneath the dome of the famous Basilica which bears his name. We may add, as sites unquestionably connected with the Roman Christians of the apostolic age-- (10) The gardens of Nero in the Vatican. Not far from the spot where St. Peter's now stands. Here Christians, wrapped in the skins of beasts, were torn to pieces by dogs, or, clothed in inflammable robes, were burnt to serve as torches during the midnight games. Others were crucified. (11) The Catacombs. These subterranean galleries, commonly from 8 to 10 feet in height and from 4 to 6 in width, and extending for miles, especially in the neighborhood of the old Appian and Nomentan Ways, were unquestionably used as places of refuge, of worship and of burial by the early Christians. The earliest dated inscription in the catacombs is A.D. 71. Nothing is known of the first founder of the Christian Church at Rome. Christianity may, perhaps, have been introduced into the city not long after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost by the "strangers of Rome, who were then at Jerusalem, (Acts 2:10) It is clear that there were many Christians at Rome before St. Paul visited the city. (Romans 1:8,13,15; 15:20) The names of twenty-four Christians at Rome are given in the salutations at the end of the Epistle to the Romans. Linus, who is mentioned (2 Timothy 4:21) and Clement, Phil 4:3 Are supposed to have succeeded St. Peter as bishops of Rome.

Source: Smith's Bible Dictionary, 1884

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history: Ancient, Rome

travel: Europe, Italy, Rome

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Mathematics in population biology

The formulation, analysis, and re-evaluation of mathematical models in population biology has become a valuable source of insight to mathematicians and biologists alike. This book presents an overview and selected sample of these results and ideas, organized by biological theme rather than mathematical concept, with an emphasis on helping the reader develop appropriate modeling skills through use of well-chosen and varied examples.Part I starts with unstructured single species population models, particularly in the framework of continuous time models, then adding the most rudimentary stage structure with variable stage duration. The theme of stage structure in an age-dependent context is developed in Part II, covering demographic concepts, such as life expectation and variance of life length, and their dynamic consequences. In Part III, the author considers the dynamic interplay of host and parasite populations, i.e., the epidemics and endemics of infectious diseases. The theme of stage structure continues here in the analysis of different stages of infection and of age-structure that is instrumental in optimizing vaccination strategies.Each section concludes with exercises, some with solutions, and suggestions for further study. The level of mathematics is relatively modest; a "toolbox" provides a summary of required results in differential equations, integration, and integral equations. In addition, a selection of Maple worksheets is provided.The book provides an authoritative tour through a dazzling ensemble of topics and is both an ideal introduction to the subject and reference for researchers.

http://books.google.com/books?id=cHcjnkrMweYC&pg=PA285&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html

Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2010gen/index.html

Urban world history

http://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false

http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO242.txt

Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html

http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00221331

America, the land we love

http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00334597&id=UAMqLz88aXAC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22seven+wonders+of+the+middle+ages%22

http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt

Roma - Wikimedia Commons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rome

Mathematics in population biology

http://books.google.com/books?id=cHcjnkrMweYC&pg=PA285&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false

http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt

http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO242.txt

Roma - Wikimedia Commons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rome

Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2010gen/index.html

America, the land we love

http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00334597&id=UAMqLz88aXAC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22seven+wonders+of+the+middle+ages%22

Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html

Urban world history

http://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false

The Oxford illustrated history of the Roman world

This authoritative and compelling work tells the story of the rise of Rome from its origins as a cluster of villages, to the foundation of the Roman Empire by Augustus, to its consolidation in the first two centuries AD. It also discusses aspects of the later Empire and its influence on western civilizations, not least the adoption of Christianity. Chapters dealing with social and political history are interwoven with chapters on literature, philosophy, and the arts. Among the other topics addressed are Roman Emperors; Roman historians, such as Tacitus and Livy; and Stoicism and Skepticism. Throughout, the book's historical framework is reinforced by detailed maps and chronological charts, as well as by informative bibliographies and a full index. Moreover, the book includes exquisite color and black-and-white illustrations that lend beautifully to the narrative, making this rich work both a delight to peruse and an indispensable resource on the history of one of the greatest empires.

http://books.google.com/books?id=w95Nb-BJWRcC&pg=PA9

Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html

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Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome

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This anthology is a thorough introduction to classic literature for those who have not yet experienced these literary masterworks. For those who have known and loved these works in the past, this is an invitation to reunite with old friends in a fresh new format. From Shakespeare s finesse to Oscar Wilde s wit, this unique collection brings together works as diverse and influential as The Pilgrim s Progress and Othello. As an anthology that invites readers to immerse themselves in the masterpieces of the literary giants, it is must-have addition to any library.

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Ancient Rome: From Earliest Times Down to 476 AD

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Ancient Rome : from the earliest times down to 476 A. D.

by Robert Franklin PennellPublic Domain Books

This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.

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The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

by Peter HeatherOxford University Press, USA

The death of the Roman Empire is one of the perennial mysteries of world history. Now, in this groundbreaking book, Peter Heather proposes a stunning new solution: Centuries of imperialism turned the neighbors Rome called barbarians into an enemy capable of dismantling an Empire that had dominated their lives for so long.
A leading authority on the late Roman Empire and on the barbarians, Heather relates the extraordinary story of how Europe's barbarians, transformed by centuries of contact with Rome on every possible level, eventually pulled the empire apart. He shows first how the Huns overturned the existing strategic balance of power on Rome's European frontiers, to force the Goths and others to seek refuge inside the Empire. This prompted two generations of struggle, during which new barbarian coalitions, formed in response to Roman hostility, brought the Roman west to its knees. The Goths first destroyed a Roman army at the battle of Hadrianople in 378, and went on to sack Rome in 410. The Vandals spread devastation in Gaul and Spain, before conquering North Africa, the breadbasket of the Western Empire, in 439. We then meet Attila the Hun, whose reign of terror swept from Constantinople to Paris, but whose death in 453 ironically precipitated a final desperate phase of Roman collapse, culminating in the Vandals' defeat of the massive Byzantine Armada: the west's last chance for survival.

Peter Heather convincingly argues that the Roman Empire was not on the brink of social or moral collapse. What brought it to an end were the barbarians.

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Imperium: A Novel of Ancient Rome

by Robert HarrisSimon & Schuster Audio

From the bestselling author of Pompeii comes the most provocative and brilliant novel of Rome and its power struggles since I, Claudius.

Of all the great figures of the Roman world, none was more fascinating or charismatic than Marcus Cicero, the greatest orator of all time, who at the age of twenty-seven was determined to attain imperium -- supreme power in the state. At his side was the everpresent Tiro, the confidential secretary and slave, whose celebrated biography of his master was lost in the Dark Ages. Imperium is the re-creation of Tiro's vanished masterpiece, recounting in vivid detail the story of Cicero's extraordinary quest for glory.

Tiro's cautionary tale begins on a cold November morning, when he opens the door to a terrified stranger, a victim of Sicily's corrupt Roman governor, Verres. The stranger's arrival sets in motion a chain of events that will eventually propel Tiro's master into one of the most suspenseful courtroom dramas in history, pitting Cicero against some of the most powerful and intimidating figures of his -- or any other -- age: Pompey, Caesar, Crassus, and the many other powerful Romans who changed history.

Robert Harris, the world's master of innovative historical fiction, lures us into a violent, treacherous world of Roman politics at once exotically different from and yet startlingly similar to our own -- a world of Senate intrigue and electoral corruption, special prosecutors and political adventurism -- to describe how one clever, compassionate, devious, vulnerable man fought to reach the top.

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Tales of Ancient Rome

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From the comedy of 'Vigil' - the story of a bumbling firefighter - to 'Hold The Wall' - the desperate defence of Hadrian's great barrier - to 'Lucilla' - a chilling tale, these stories cover a wealth of subjects in a number of manners, providing something for everyone.

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Rick Steves' Rome 2012

by Rick StevesAvalon Travel Publishing

You can count on Rick Steves to tell you what you really need to know when traveling in the Eternal City of Rome.

With the self-guided tours in this book, you’ll walk the same streets as the Caesars and discover the secrets of the Colosseum and the Roman Forum. Learn how to avoid the lines at the Vatican Museum and St. Peter’s Basilica. Take a night walk across the city and enjoy floodlit fountains and piazzas. Then grab a sidewalk table at the locals’ favorite trattoria and watch the world go by.

Rick’s candid, humorous advice will guide you to good-value hotels and restaurants. You’ll learn how to navigate the Rome Metro and which sights are worth your time and money. More than just reviews and directions, a Rick Steves guidebook is a tour guide in your pocket.

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Streetwise Rome Map - Laminated City Center Street Map of Rome, Italy - Folding Pocket Size Travel Map with Metro Map, Subway (Map) By Streetwise Maps (Author)

by STREETWISE MAPS

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The History of Rome, Books 01 to 08

by Livy

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Rome Sights 2012: a travel guide to the top 50 attractions in Rome, Italy. Includes three walking tours. (Mobi Sights)

by MobileReferenceMobileReference

This illustrated Travel Guide is a part of the Mobi Sights series, our concise guides that only feature the most essential information on city attractions. This guide is designed for optimal navigation on eReaders, smartphones, and other mobile electronic devices. Inside you will find a locator map and a list of top attractions linked to individual articles. Addresses, telephones, hours of operation and admissions information are included. The guide also features three walking tours with our suggestions for your travel route.

Please search for "Travel Rome", part of the Mobi Travel series, if you are interested in the complete travel guide that includes more maps and attractions with additional articles on history, cultural venues, transportation, districts, dining, accommodations, units conversion, and a phrasebook.

NEW FEATURE: This guide now includes links to Google Maps. On electronic readers with slow connection and a primitive browser (such as Amazon Kindle and BN Nook Color), Google Maps will display attractions on a map along with metro stations, roads, and nearby attractions. On internet-enabled devices, including the iPhone, the iPad, and many other phones, Google Maps will even show you the route from where you are located to the attraction you want to go to.

With this travel guide you can turn some eReaders into an audio guides. For example, on the Kindle, just open an article and click Shift+SYM to activate text-to-speech. Put the speaker on the back of the Kindle against your ear and enjoy your virtual travel companion. Press Spacebar to pause/resume text-to-speech.

Most travel guides in the Mobi Sights series are only $0.99. Search for any title: enter mobi (short for MobileReference) and a keyword; for example: mobi Paris.

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